Which of the following is NOT a type of Data Modeling Technique?

Operational modeling is not typically recognized as a formal type of data modeling technique within the context of data management frameworks. The three established types of data modeling techniques include:

1. Conceptual Modeling: This form focuses on high-level relationships and the overall structure of data within a domain, without going into finer details about the data's implementation. It is mainly concerned with defining what data is needed and how different entities relate to each other.

2. Logical Modeling: This level of modeling translates the conceptual model into a more detailed structure, clarifying the types of data, the relationships between them, and other constraints such as data integrity—without considering how the data will be physically implemented in databases.

3. Physical Modeling: This technique takes the logical model and defines how the data will be actually stored in the database, including the details necessary for implementation like table structures, indexes, partitioning, and path navigation.

While operational aspects of data handling occur in practice, and operational data modeling may refer to the way systems interact and utilize data in operational contexts, it lacks the standardized framework that the other three types offer. This standardization makes conceptual, logical, and physical modeling recognized and foundational techniques in data management.